Notes for La Verda Koro Chapter 1

(English version)

Gramatiko

-O: The word is a noun. tablo = (a) table
-J: The word refers to more than one thing. tabloj = tables
-N: The word is the object of an action (or movement). tablon = [to do something to] a table; tablojn = [to do something to] tables
-A: The word is an adjective. granda tablo = a big table; tabloj grandaj = big tables; tablon grandan = [to do something to] a big table; grandajn tablojn = [to do something to] big tables
-AS: The word is a present-tense verb and shows something happening right now. tablo sidas = a table sits; ruso faras demandon = a Russian makes (asks) a question
LA: Definite article, the. la tablo = the table
MI: I. mi staras = I am standing
VI: you. vi sidas = you are sitting
LI: he. li rigardas min = he is looking at me
ŜI: she. Ŝi ŝatas vin = she likes him
ĜI: it. mi lernas ĝin = I am learning it
NI: we. ni instruas ĝin = we are teaching it
ILI: they. ili komprenas min = they understand me

Prepozicioj

EN: in, inside of. la lernantoj estas en la ĉambro = the pupils are in the room.
SUR: on, atop. la floro sidas sur la tablo = the flower is sitting on the table.

Prefikso

MAL-: changes a word to its opposite. bona = good, malbona = bad

Sufiksoj

-IN-: shows the female sex from the masculine or neutral form. lernanto = pupil, lernantino = girl pupil
-IST-: shows a person professionally or avocationally involved with the root. instruas = teaches, instruisto = teacher

Demandaj vortoj

ĈU...?: Whether. Used to introduce yes-no question. Ĉu la instruisto lernas? = Does the teacher learn? Ne, la instruisto ne lernas. = No, the teacher does not learn. Ĉu la instruisto instruas? = Does the teacher teach? Jes, la instruisto instruas. = Yes, the teacher teaches.
KIU?: Who, which. Used to ask about selecting one person or object from several. Answer should always be a name, or an expression starting with a pointing word such as la. Kiu vi estas? = Who are you? Mi estas Don Harlow. = I am Don Harlow. Kiu floro estas sur la tablo? = Which flower is on the table? La flava floro estas sur la tablo. = The yellow flower is on the table.
KIO?: What. Used to ask for an identification. Answer should always be an -O word or equivalent. Kio estas sur la tablo? = What is on the table? Floro estas sur la tablo. = A flower is on the table.
KIA?: What kind of. Used to ask for a description of an object. Answer should always be an -A word or equivalent. Note that the answer should not start with a pointing word such as la. Kia estas la tablo? = What kind is the table? Granda estas la tablo. = The table is (a) large (one). Kia floro estas sur la tablo? = What sort of flower is on the table? Flava floro estas sur la tablo.= A yellow flower is on the table.

Vortoj (Esperanto + la angla)

kurso = course (of study)
domo = house
tabulo = board
tablo = table
elektro = electricity
bildo = picture
homo = person
soldato = soldier
milito = war
muso = mouse
plafono = ceiling
muro = wall
besto = animal
militkaptito = P.O.W.
teatro = theater
Ameriko = America
Siberio = Siberia
fenestro = window
seĝo = chair
kato = cat
ofico = office, position
gimnazio = high school
religio = religion
lampo = lamp
objekto = object
sinjoro = sir, Mr.
uniformo = uniform
lernanto = pupil
kulturo = culture
frazo = sentence
ruso = (a) Russian
latvo = (a) Latvian
biblioteko = library
rumano = (a) Romanian
germano = (a) German
popolo = (a) people
meblo = piece of furniture
benko = bench
hungaro = (a) Hungarian
slovako = (a) Slovakian
ĉambro = room
pordo = door
planko = floor
floro = flower
poŝto = mail
knabo = boy
politiko = politics
fraŭlo = bachelor
polo = (a) Pole
alta = tall, high
longa = long
granda = large
nova = new
griza = grey
juna = young
nigra = black
pura = clean
interesa = interesting
moderna = modern
simpla = simple
flava = yellow
larĝa = wide
bona = good
bela = beautiful
(n) shows: the word takes an object
estas = am, is, are
staras = stand(s)
sidas = sit(s)
iras = go(es)
gratulas = congratulate(s)
dankas = thank(s)
lernas (n) = learn(s)
rigardas (n) = look(s) at
parolas (n) = speak(s)
ŝatas (n) = like(s)
faras (n) = make(s), do(es)
instruas (n) = teach(es)
tuŝas (n) = touch(es)
demandas (n) = ask(s)
scias (n) = know(s)
ludas (n) = play(s)
montras (n) = show(s)
komprenas (n) = understand(s)
respondas (n) = answer(s)
manĝas (n) = eat(s)
unu = one
du = two
tri = three
sed = but
nur = merely
ne = no, not
jes = yes
kaj = and

Sendu demandojn kaj proponojn al

Don Harlow <donh@donh.best.vwh.net>